- Electronic Zen: The Underground TV Generation Bibliography
- Electronic Zen: The Alternative Video Generation Talking Heads in Videospace: A Video Meta-Panel with Shirley Clarke, Bill Etra, Nam June Paik, Walter Wright and Jud Yalkut Interview
Radio meta-panel recorded February 4, 1973 for WBAI-FM in New York, hosted by Jud Yalkut, convenes Shirley Clarke, Nam June Paik, Bill Etra and Walter Wright to survey the alternate video scene and prospects for video art within the Pacifica ARTISTS AND CRITICS series. Panelists discuss practices and technologies including the Paik-Abe and Rutt-Etra video synthesizers, portapaks, videotape, computer-generated imagery (Wright has worked with computer images since 1965), distribution and two-way cable access; the record references the Kitchen, Binghampton Community TV Center, Paul Ryans time-delay feedback piece and New York State Council on the Arts support.
- Electronic Zen: The Alternative Video Generation Jud Yalkut Interviews Eric Siegel Television Is The Last Communication Link We Have To Change This Country Interview
Eric Siegel (b.1944), interviewed in 1970, built his first TV camera at fifteen and won New York City Science Fair awards for home-made closed-circuit television projects; he worked in closed-circuit television and in 1966 in the Educational TV Department at the University of London. In 1968 he produced the videotape program PSYCHEDELEVISION for the Channel One closed-circuit theatre, designed special-effects components for TELEVANILLA at the Martinique Theatre, exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery and Brandeis University (VISION AND TELEVISION, 1970), repaired a two-inch Ampex helical-scan recorder, developed a colorizer and planned a video synthesizer while discussing technology, distribution and television's social role.
- Video is Being Invented Bibliography
Nam June Paik is presented as a seminal figure in the emergence of video art; he experimented with television in Germany and Japan, moved to New York in 1964, and with Shuya Abe developed the Video Synthesizer in 1970, producing works such as the T. V. Chair and the Television Bra. The text surveys artists working in video—Keith Sonnier, Linda Benglis, Joan Jonas, Nancy Holt, William Wegman, Michael Snow, Bruce Nauman, Peter Campus and George Boiling—and documents practices using portable videotape recorders, live feedback, colorization and synthesized color, video environments, and independent video groups and cable/public-access distribution.
- Electronic Video Image Processing: Notes Towards a Definition Tools
Situates video art from the late 1960s portable-recording era; over fifteen years artists extended performance, conceptual, narrative, documentary, formalist and experimental practices. Defines electronic image processing as working with video signal parameters (frequency, amplitude, phase) and electronic tools—oscillators, synthesizers, computers, monitors and printers—to manipulate imagery using keying, superimposition, digitization, preprogramming and real-time techniques. Addresses distribution and reception issues, distinguishing video from television and noting alternative technologies (cable, satellite, video disc, VCRs) and interactive systems that give viewer control, and raises questions of reproducibility, editions and the location of the art object.
- Notes on Videotape and TV Bibliography
Kenneth Dominick examines videotape and television practice as processes that reshape inner and outer experience; he cites Paul Ryan in Radical Software (summer 1970) and frames videotape as feedback rather than mere transmission. He links the medium to Allegheny College and the Experimental Television Center's temporary presence in Meadville, noting that Allegheny will briefly gain television-producing capability. He argues for decentralization through portable recording-and-playback hardware and independent regional centers to counter network and cable control, and describes videotape's perceptual and affective effects.